Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Strategic Marketing - Essay Example In the race to capture the lead in India for the most popular sportswear, Reebok has created the strongest showing in the market using their popularity to create new avenues of profit. Critically evaluate the strategic role of a sportswear manufacturer marketing function in achieving competitive advantage for the organisation. Support your answer with examples from the Reebok vs Nike case study. Nike and Reebok have entered into the sportswear manufacturing market through creating strong, identifiable brands that promote more than just the goods that they sell. Through powerful branding and globalization of their brand, they have made a mark on the industry as representative of lifestyles that include health and athletics. While both brands are distinctive, the Nike name and the iconic swoosh has outdistanced its competitors in recognizability. Through branding that creates attractive lifestyles, both brands have made their mark in the sportswear manufacturing industry. Nike’s most powerful advertising weapon is its brand. The Nike swoosh is a powerful pop culture icon. Slaughter and Rhodes suggest that â€Å"the effect of contemporary branding strategies is to push the ’host’ or sponsored culture into the background so that the brand emerges as the ’star’ (Slaughter and Rhoades, 2004, p. 261). In order to support the brand, the swoosh is on every piece of product that is put out into the market. The founder of Nike, Phil Knight, suggested that it wasn’t the mission of Nike to sell shoes, but to make peoples lives better through sports and fitness. The image became so powerful that by the decade of the 90‘s the name of the company was no longer needed in order to create recognition (Slaughter and Rhoades, 2004, p. 261). Nike has had some problems with proven claims of human rights violations in the factories that are subcontracted to produce their product. At the height of this, the Nike company decided to get ri d of the swoosh in order to allay the associations that the public was making to their problems in social responsibility issues. However, as Le Pla (2002) suggests â€Å"Changing an image in response to criticism makes sense. Dropping or reducing the visibility of a highly successful association does not† (p. 49). The brand icon has such a high recognition rate that it is foolish to abandon the brand icon, but to repair the image of the brand so that the associations are sanitized. In conjunction with their high visibility in branding, phrases have been associated with Nike in promoting their belief that every person is an athlete, therefore every person has the potential to be a consumer of their goods. A simple, yet powerful message was erected within the Nike mythology when the â€Å"Just Do It† campaign created a concept of the power of the athlete within everyone. The phrase suggested that no excuses would be allowed, that all goals should be achieved. The stateme nt had the power of a command, bringing an association of power to the athletic wear. The advertising premise, according to Nike, was â€Å" If you have a body, you are an athlete† (Nikeid 2011). The target audience for the Nike marketing concept is everyone without regard to age, health level, body shape, or sex. The original market was geared towards young athletes, but in this age the marketing has been

Changes in the Marketing Environment Essay Example for Free

Changes in the Marketing Environment Essay In recent times, from an economic environment perspective, people are getting more affluent, even in third world countries like Vietnam, the younger generation are more interested in spending on the latest fashion and gadgets, like iPods. Phone marketers might want to include phone designs which allow for self-expression, hence catering to the younger people seeking to carve out their own identity. For example, young girls in Japan like to stick many shiny crystals on their phones as they see it as a form of beautiful art. Phone marketers can cash in on this growing trend by offering phones which have suitable surfaces for crystal gluing, and they might want to also consider having a tie-up with a suitable bead company in order to have a package selling the crystals together with the phones. An important marketing strategy in catering to the changing political environment would be cause-marketing. It is by cause-marketing that phone marketers can reassure the public that they are socially responsible, even in the midst of increasing unethical behaviour existing in society. Cause marketing might be the determining factor which might set a phone or a brand of phones apart, especially if customers have the same perception of 2 brands of phones and are undecided which to choose. Phone marketers can follow Motorola’s lead whereby they produced a red â€Å"razr† phone to promote awareness of aids, which was highly successful. Another important marketing strategy is for the marketer to observe the changing demographic forces and decide which target group they can focus on in order to make the most profits. Quite a few countries in the world are facing an aging population, like Japan, China and Singapore. This might be a good target market to go into, by manufacturing phones which are suited for older people like by having larger screens and more user-friendly buttons. Technological forces are constantly changing, and a good marketer would be able to foresee what kinds of functions people might want in their phones. Marketers might want to research about what form of entertainment is capturing people and cater to these needs. Sony Ericsson realised that music was slowly becoming an integral part of people’s lives, no matter what age and produced the walkman phone series which was highly popular. The path to success and its maintenance depends very much on a phone marketer’s resellers and suppliers, hence phone marketers should engage in tie-ups with them both. A phone marketer’s resellers normally consist of telecommunications companies.  Marketers can offer to sell their phones at a lower price to these companies, and in exchange, persuade them to offer more attractive or cheaper line subscription packages when customers purchase the phones of the marketers’. Marketers should constantly source for more efficient and cheaper suppliers and sign a long-term contract with them. Marketers might also want to consider suppliers based in China or India, as labour in such countries is known to be one of the cheapest, yet efficient, in the world. Lastly, marketers should always keep an eye out for competition and continually check on other phone marketers’ strategies and phone pricing. Marketers should also be aware that competition not only lies with other phone marketers, but in any company that has to do with providing entertainment or convenience to people. For example, Apple is not a phone manufacturer, but it is beginning to slowly capture the phone market due to its iPhone. Phone marketers might want to produce phones which have the capability to rival such phones, or if they are unable to do so run a major advertisement campaign to promote their phones against other rival phones, so as to hopefully mould the public’s thinking into their liking. Alternatively, phone marketers can also liaise with major entertainment companies like Apple or Creative to work together to produce quality phones or gadgets to capture a major share of the phone market.

Rationale About Job Satisfaction

Rationale About Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is an attitude people have about their jobs and it results from their perception of their jobs and the degree to which there is a good fit between the individual and organization. Job satisfaction has been influenced by many intervening variables, such as the rewards that an employee receives.  [1]  It has been said that job satisfaction has been related to many kinds of variables. It is a variable that is commonly influenced or commonly related to many variables that the other variable will be affected because of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is the degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about various aspects of the job.  [2]  The satisfaction of an individual in a job is either positive or negative; it depends upon the establishment that he/she is working with if they are offering more, enough, or less elements of satisfaction to their employees. Closely related to job satisfaction is the organizational commitment which is defined as the loyalty of an individual to the organization.  [3]  It has been overlooked that someone who sets his loyalty high to his organization would strongly take pride in considering himself a part of the organization. Employees of top corporations in the Philippines display the highest level of commitment and focus among workers surveyed across the Asia Pacific region, according to a study by global consultancy firm Watson Wyatt, the employees engagement score for the Philippines stood at 77%, up by four percentages from the previous survey in 2007.  [4]  It has been observed that the Philippine loyalty factor or the motivation of the employees towards the success of the company is very strong in which the rating has been said very high among other countries in Asia. Organizational commitment or Employee loyalty is very important in a company because employees who show loyalty will be able to encourage customers to feel loyal towards the company.  [5]   The University of the Philippines conducted a study on the loyalty of employees and the study shows that only 21% of Filipino employees feel fully committed to their employers and only 12% agree that their employers are fully committed to them.  [6]  Researchers have said that the level of commitment of the employees has something to do with the level of job satisfaction that the employees are experiencing. The researcher has chosen to study this issue because she personally experienced the 2 variables which are Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in one famous establishment in which her co-employees job satisfaction are low, and there is a high turnover ratio happening in this establishment. The researcher as a worker of the said company also has experienced low job satisfaction which leads her to low organizational commitment. The researcher is interested in this topic so that managers/employers would know and understand that high turnover ratio and the trainings as well as the seminars that they are given to the newly hired workers costs high and useless if the employee will only spend 1 month to work and leave the company. Aside from that, if they will continue to dissatisfy their employees, the word of mouth is a virus that easily spread from one person to another person. Especially if you are a 5 star hotel, you must ensure that every word of mouth that comes from each individual, may it be employees or guest are positive because if its negative, it may deteriorate their good name. Employees will not consider themselves as a member of the organization and the services given by the employees to the guests may not be good enough to increase or maintain customer loyalty. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The researcher attempts to answer the following question: Is there a significant relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among hotel employees in Tacloban City? STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES Alternative Hypothesis There is a significant relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It is significant to study whether employees are satisfied or dissatisfied, committed or not committed in their job because it has been proven that employees who are much more satisfied will more likely to show positive thoughts, feelings, and actions towards their job and it would increase their organizational commitment. It is also important to study the relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment because this may bring a huge benefit equally to employers and employees. Human Resource Management would be able to understand that the costs of hiring and training new workers are high. Therefore, the employers should try to treasure unchanging workforce, which also helps to lessen the risks of deterioration in services offered to customers. An employee who is committed with the organization may take pride in considering himself a member and would positively persuade the consumers to patronize the products/services offered by a company. Since satisfaction increas es commitment to organizational success, and if this satisfaction would be given from employers to workers, a lot of good factors such as good supervision by supervisors, good working conditions, good interpersonal relations, better policies and administration, better pay and security, challenging work, achievement, recognition, growth and development can benefit employees. If this study shows that job satisfaction and organizational commitment are correlated, employers would only need to increase one variable and that is job satisfaction to achieve the affirmative organizational commitment of workers. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter contains the discussion on the methods and procedures used in the study. It includes research design, locale of the study, respondents of the study, research instrument, data gathering and statistical measures used in hypothesis testing with their corresponding formulas and assessment scales. The purpose of the research work was primarily to assess with utmost objectivity. Any relevant data will be useful for the derivation of accurate insight. RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a descriptive research method using a questionnaire as the principal instrument in gathering data where there will be a real investigation on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment as evaluated by the employees. The answers will be tallied in order to measure/ quantify the 2 variables. LOCALE OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted within the City of Tacloban. The researcher would like to include Magsaysay and Paterno Street as the locale of the study. It was limited to the investigation on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment among hotel employees in Tacloban City. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY AND RANDOM SAMPLING The respondents of this study were the employees of different hotels who are presently working here in Tacloban City. Leyte Park Resort Hotel has a total population of more or less 70 but only 20 out of 70 are the respondents who participated the survey. Royal Suite Hotel has a total of 7 and Primrose Hotel has a total of 4 populations. So the researcher has decided to take 100% from the total population to be used for the sample. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT A set of survey questionnaire carefully prepared and will be distributed to the respondents for the purpose of gathering the necessary data. The questionnaire measures on the significant relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The researcher has found numerous questionnaires regarding job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Of all the questionnaires, the researcher has chosen to use the test for job satisfaction that is based on the research carried out by Cooper and the researcher has chosen to use the research study carried out by the student of Professor S. Cote and Professor P. Heslin for organizational commitment. In order to determine whether the questionnaires were correct and valid, the questionnaires were submitted to the instructor for verifications, corrections and improvements. The research instrument is composed of 2 sets, the Questionnaire 1 and Questionnaire 2 which both gather information to employees. It can be answered by putting an (x) mark in the appropriate parenthesis. Questionnaire 1 includes questions on the job satisfaction of hotel employees such as the job itself, inter-personal relationship, organization itself, personal growth and the quantity of work. Answers scoring is as follows: Excellent 5 points Very Good 4 points Satisfactory 3 points Below Ave. 2 points Poor 1 point Interpretation of data would be this way: the higher the score is, the better is the job satisfaction. Questionnaire 2 generally includes questions about the level of commitment of employees to their company as a whole. Answers scoring is as follows: Always 5 points Often 4 points Sometimes 3 points Seldom 2 points Never 1 point Interpretation of gathered data in questionnaire 2 would be this way: the higher the score is, the better is the organizational commitment will be. DATA GATHERING The researcher will gather her data by first, giving a letter of request asking permission to the hotel manager to include their company in her research. She has spoken to a variety of persons with different positions to allow her to conduct a survey in their establishment. These persons were Ms. Anafe C. Harina, front desk agent of Asia Stars Hotel, Ms. Jedah Vivas, accounting officer of Leyte Park Hotel, Mr. Julius, front desk agent of Hotel Alejandro, Ms. Jasmin V. Ron, front desk agent of Royal Suite Hotel, Ms. Rebecca Villanueva a front desk clerk in Primrose Hotel, and to Ms. Pearlie Corneso, a front desk agent of Manhattan Inn. Second, if ever approved, the researcher will distribute 2 sets of survey questionnaires which both are for their employees. These questionnaires tackle particularly on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment and it can be evaluated by simply taking the score of each number according to weights and add the total score over the total number of weights. Below half of the total score would mean low. Mr. Cooper and Professor S. Cote and Heslins student had contributed a big help to the researcher because she was able to borrow their questionnaires to conduct a survey and gather data. Out of 6 hotels that the researcher has talked with, only Ms. Jedah Vivas, accounting officer of Leyte Park Hotel, Ms. Rebecca Villanueva a front desk clerk and Ms. Jasmin V. Ron a front desk agent with the approval of his manager Mr. Roy Salinas are those who had confirmed and assisted her to gather the necessary data. STATISTICAL TREATMENT With the purpose of identifying the relationship between the job satisfaction and organizational commitment among hotel employees in Tacloban City, the responses will be tallied, classified and tabulated in appropriate table for analysis and a pie graph will be used for interpretation. To describe the profile of the respondents in terms of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, descriptive statistics particularly percentages will be employed. Null Alternative Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r) This was used to test the significant relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Formula: N (ÃŽÂ £XY) (ÃŽÂ £X) (ÃŽÂ £Y) r = _________________________________ ____________________________ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ [NÃŽÂ £X ² (ÃŽÂ £X)  ²] [NÃŽÂ £Y ² (ÃŽÂ £Y)  ²] Where: N = total number of respondents ÃŽÂ £XY = is the summation of product X and Y ÃŽÂ £X = is the summation of the independent variable ÃŽÂ £X ² = is the summation of the square of X ÃŽÂ £Y = is the summation of the dependent variable ÃŽÂ £Y ² = is the summation of the square of Y Verbal descriptions of computed coefficients of correlations are as follows: Value Percentage Interpretation r Degree of relationship 0.0 to  ± 0.20 0% 20% Negligible Correlation  ± 0.21 to  ± 0.40 21% 40% Low or Slight Correlation  ± 0.41 to  ± 0.70 41% 70% Moderate Correlation  ± 0.71 to  ± 0.90 71% 90% High Correlation  ± 0.91 to  ± 0.99 91% 99% Very High Correlation  ± 1.00 100% Perfect Correlation

Jazz historiography Essay -- American Culture, Music

The rapid development of jazz in both the United States and Europe generated a number of diverse musical expressions, including musics that most listeners today would not recognize as â€Å"jazz† music. In order to remedy this situation, jazz musicians and critics after 1930 began to codify what â€Å"real† jazz encompassed, and more importantly, what â€Å"real† jazz did not encompass. This construction of authenticity, often demarcated along racial lines, served to relegate several artists and styles (those outside a â€Å"mainstream† to the margins of historiography. The issue of race is central to all discourses of jazz. Alongside race goes the problem of representation, or, who gets to play what for whom and under what circumstance. Problems of representation abound from the beginning of jazz history, usually centered on white representation of black music and culture from a negative vantage point. Iconic examples of this phenomenon include the 1917 release of Livery Stable Blues by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and Paul Whiteman‘s 1924 Aeolian Hall concert. The ODJB‘s recording was the first jazz record and the first representation of jazz to the majority of Americans, both black and white. Whiteman’s concert was invested in representing jazz to white Americans, showing how it had progressed from its primitive black beginnings to a more sophisticated style rooted in the fundamentals of European practice. Indeed, ideas of creation and control in jazz have usually been drawn along racial lines: black as creator, white as curator. In this mode of racial understanding in jazz, white jazz fans and musicians supposedly lack an essential â€Å"something† that makes them unable to innovate in jazz. Conversely, black musicians, while highly c... ... of which modern jazz big band dance music (for example, the Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington and Count Basie Orchestras), bebop, and later Free Jazz- emerged. Modern jazz, and particularly bebop, because of its hybrid nature has presented cultural critics, and especially critics of music, with a set of unresolvable issues. The music itself embodies contradiction. It can accurately be called both popular and high culture; it has an oral, vernacular lineage and one related to more innovative compositional techniques; it is Afro-American and European, romantic and revolutionary; and it has both escapist (ie, Sun Ra and late-era John Coltrane) and resistant (ie. Archie Shepp, Ornette Coleman) tendencies. As a result, jazz has become one of the most highly discusses and debated modern musical forms with controversial discourse surrounding its development.

Higashimaru Soya Company

? Higashimaru Shoyu Co Ltd was a manufacturer of Soy Sauce ? The company was established in 1942 by merger of Kikuichi Shoyu Goshi Gaisha and Asai Shoyu Gomei gaisha companies ? by 1992, the firm produced over 200 different products in approximately 650 packaging forms. ? Third largest firm in the industry with 5% Market share ? By the early 1980’s supply significantly exceeded demand and prices fell ? Profit ? With ratio dropped to about 8% from 10% increase in variety, fixed cost increased thus reducing the profitability ratio. Toshio Okuno was promoted as the Plant Manager in 1974 with a permission to revitalize the Corporation. ? Implemented a gradual step wise process ? Identified the need of change in worker behavior. ? Emphasized on increasing overall communication till the lowest levels of the firm. †¢ MONTHLY GROUP LEADER MEETINGS †¢ Reduced a group’s natural resistance to change †¢ Increase in Inter and Intra group Communication †¢ THE PRIC E CONTROL SYSTEM †¢ Developed a profit making attitude in groups †¢ Generate Cost and Quality awareness THE DRAFT SYSTEM †¢ Created a more efficient Job Rotation Program †¢ Corrected deficiencies in the job rotation program †¢ TATSUMAKI PROGRAM †¢ Improved management skills of group leaders †¢ Increased the group leader’s awareness of the issues faced by entire firm †¢ THE HANGEN GAME †¢ Designed to reduce head count †¢ Also motivated the groups for improvements ? Toshio Okuno displayed a Transformational Leadership style ? Realized the vision through small planned steps and small successes in the path for its full implementation Tried to enhance the morale, performance and motivation of the employees ? Challenged the employees to take greater ownership for their work through the Price Control System program ? Tried to inspire the employees and make them interested in the work by various activities like creating the fictitious Higashimaru bank ? Okuno was also able to quickly identify problems faced by employees during the job rotation process and rectified them by implementing the Draft System ? Okuno also motivated group leaders to think beyond heir group and tried to improve their leadership qualities through the Tatsumaki Program Unfreeze: Change: Refreeze: †¢ Reaction mix †¢ Monthly group Leader met. †¢ Came up with Sagyo- Shigoto †¢ He thought the group leaders to think for themselves †¢ Increasing communication among the group. †¢ Participation and involvement of the employees into the decision making processes. †¢ Draft system †¢ Hangen game forced the employees to work more efficiently †¢ Reduce dependence on group leaders. ?Thank You!!!

Dave essays

Dave essays Imagine standing on a stage, overlooking 70 tiered rows in what is possibly the most beautiful amphitheater in the world. As Dave Matthews and his fellow band mates walk on stage, the crowd cheers wildly. You are at Red Rocks and the scene is set for the Dave Matthews Band. Red Rocks Amphitheater is located in Morrison, Colorado, 15 miles west of Denver. It provides seating for 9600, and has some of the best acoustics found anywhere on Earth. Since 1941 it has been home to many concerts and performers and is the perfect backdrop for a live performance. Recorded on August 15, 1995, "Live At Red Rocks 8.15.95" was created at the height of the bands musical talent and at the bottom step of their climb to fame. It was shows like this that left fans mesmerized by the funky, jazz-infused riffs that the band played. It is this kind of energetic and intimate live music that keeps the fans coming back. The members of the Dave Matthews Band (or DMB for short) are each very unique, especially i n the instruments that they play. This is what makes the band and its music really work. Dave Matthews provides lead vocals and acoustic guitar, Boyd Tinsley plays the violin, Stefan Lessard is on bass guitar, Leroi Moore blows the woodwinds, and Carter Beauford plays the drums. Matthews is a very talented musician. He provides very unique singing styles and an abstract, awkward ability to play the guitar. Tinsley plays the violin like no other. It is odd to find a band with a violin, but his talent forces it to work. Lessard, who joined the band when he was only 16, provides funky bass lines that fill in the empty spots. Leroi Moore plays flute, saxophone, and clarinet which mixed with modern instruments, create an odd combination of sounds, finally Carter Beauford, known for his excellent improvisational skills and perfect fill-ins, lights up the drums with a talent that few have. These five musicians joined together on the night of August 15,...

War Crimes essays

War Crimes essays A war crime is any of various crimes, such as genocide or the mistreatment of prisoners of war, committed during a war and considered in violation of the conventions of warfare. War crimes are constantly being committed during war and something has to be done. There have been too many instances where these sorts of criminals have gotten away. Victims of war have gotten little or no justice at all, we have to come up with a solution so that there will be a way to punish these hanas crimes. To commit a war crime you have to break one of the two main principles, which are: "The principle of necessity and the principle of humanity." What the first principle means is that you can kill the enemy only when it is completely necessary. The second principle states that you should cause no unnecessary suffering to your enemy. These two principles are the two fundamental principles and have become highly detailed. The most important laws that have come out of the two main principles are that prisoners of war have rights and should never be executed or wounded after they have surrendered. That you are not allowed to take hostages, and that you can't starve non-combatants. People who are sick, wounded should be cared for. Innocent civilians property should be spared, and civilians should have nothing stolen from them. You must treat all noncombatants humanely and equally. These laws seem to be just and should be easily followed, but during times of war these laws are rarely followed. In times of war military soldiers do things that are sickening; they kill innocent people, rape women, torture people because they are of a different race or religion. These crimes are inhumane and something has to be done to make sure these crimes stop. After World War 2 you would have thought that genocide or ethnic cleansing wouldn't be happening, but it still is. The war in Kosovo has resembled the same things that the Nazi's did during WW2. ...

Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essays

Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essays Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essay Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essay Chapter ONE Introduction 1. Introduction The auto is one of the major transit that is used by human day-to-day. Harmonizing to the study by Plunkett Research, there were 806 million autos and light trucks on the route in 2007. After we use our auto, we need to park our auto someplace that is auto park in close country or unfastened infinite auto park. Majority of the auto will be parked park under the Sun. As a consequence, the auto will be heated up by the Sun. From the base on balls experiment carried out by Syamal bin Mohd ( 2004 ) , the maximal temperature recorded was 61AÂ °C. This temperature could easy kill a kid or pets when left inside the auto. For working people, usually they will park their auto for at least 8 hr from forenoon to eventide. So, their auto will be heated during this long hr. When they enter their auto subsequently on, they will be uncomfortable due to the deficiency of thermic comfort. Thermal comfort is the motive of human to happen certain clime state of affairs that can allow them experience pleasance ( 1 ) . Hence, auto proprietor use several ways to cut down the heat in auto compartment such as tinted the Windowss broad screen with movie or coating, shadowing devices, replaced the Windowss with photo-gray dark glassess or parked their auto under shaded country. 1.1. Problem statement : Malaysia is a really hot state with an mean temperature of 32-33 AÂ °C ( 2 ) . For a auto parked under the Sun, the auto internal temperature will raise up to 61 AÂ °C as recorded by Syamal bin Mohd in 2004. Babies and immature kids in such an environmental will rapidly go dehydrated and acquire heat shot and encephalon amendss within few hours. So it is highly unsafe to go forth baby, kids, handicapped people, aged or pets in parked auto. The figure of decease of kids left in autos due to inordinate heat from 1998-2009 in the United States is 441 ( 3 ) .In Malaysia, a small miss who is left in auto dice due to utmost temperature and deficiency of airing ( 4 ) . 1.2. Aim The aim of this undertaking is to acquire the optimal location of movable shadowing for a parked auto. 1.3. Scope and restriction This undertaking will be carried out in University Putra Malaysia by utilizing merely one type of auto that is Proton Saga 1.3 L. Merely one type of the movable shading devices will be used excessively. The experiment will be run during January and February of 2010. 1.4. Undertaking outlook Through the terminal of the undertaking, we will cognize the optimal manner of seting the shading devices. So, this will assist the auto proprietor to cut down the auto temperature. Chapter TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Heat As a consequence of the temperatures different between one organic structure and another organic structure, the signifier of energy which is transferred between them is called heat. Heat will ever reassign from higher temperature to take down temperature until both temperatures are equal. When the temperatures are equal between both organic structures, no heat transportation will take topographic points. Therefore, heat is merely ephemeral energy as it appears during the procedure. It is mentioned when it cross boundary between two different temperatures objects. The flow of heat energy will do an addition of internal energy in a organic structure and lessening of internal energy. The internal energy mentioned is non heat. The unit for heat in the International System of Units SI ( SI unit ) is joule ( J ) , while the United States still uses British Thermal Unit and the Calorie. ( 5 ) 2.1. Temperature In a general affair, temperature is a measuring of hot and cold. Something that feels cold has lowers temperature and frailty versa. From the position of natural philosophies, temperature is the value of the mean dynamicss energy of the atoms in an object or systems ( 6 ) . The unit for temperatures in SI unit is Kelvin ( K ) . The temperature is measured by thermometer. 2.1.1. Kelvin graduated table The temperature of the Kelvin graduated table starts from 0 K, a point where all the gesture of molecular virtually stops. The point is called absolute nothing which besides equal to -273 AÂ °C 2.1.2. Celsius graduated table It takes the temperatures of freeze and boiling point of H2O as mentions. 1 AÂ °C equal to 1/100 difference between the freeze and boiling s temperatures of H2O at 1 standard pressure. 2.2. Heat transportation Heat transportation is the thermic energy in theodolite due to a temperature different between objects. An object or fluid which at different temperature with the surrounding, the transportation of thermic energy will happen between that object or fluid with the environing until thermic equilibrium is reached. The heat transportation procedure is called manners ( 7 ) 2.2.1. Manners of heat transportation The manners of heat transportation include conductivity, convection and radiation. 2.2.1.1. Conduction Conduction refer to the heat transportation that occur across a stationary medium which temperature gradient exists in it. It can be showed in the figure 1 below. The atoms with higher temperature will be more energetic due to its higher molecular energy. The transportation of energy from more energetic atom to less energetic atoms of substances is called conductivity. From figure one, the energy transportation by conductivity will be from left to compensate, that is way of diminishing temperature. ( 7 ) Conduction takes topographic points in all signifiers of affair that are solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. In solid, the conductivity is due to the quiver of atom in lattice and the translational gesture of the free atoms. In gases and liquid, the conductivity is due to the diffusion of energy during the random gesture of molecules. When the molecules collide among themselves, a transportation of energy from higher energy molecules to take down energy molecules will happen. 2.2.1.2. Convection Convection heat transportation is the heat transportation procedure by the flow of fluid. It consist of 2 mechanisms that is random molecular gesture ( diffusion ) and majority or microscopic gesture of the fluid. This is because in the fluid, big figure of molecules will travel jointly while maintain their random gesture. The motion of the fluid is caused by the different in denseness ensuing from the temperature different between them. ( 7 ) There are few types of convection and we categorized it by the nature of the flow. Forced convection happened when the flow is caused by the external force such as fan or pump. For illustration fans are used to chill electronic devices as shown in Figure 2. For free convection, the flow is caused by the perkiness forces. The perkiness force is due to the different of denseness as a consequence of temperature fluctuation in fluid. For illustration in the ambiance, the land is really hot comparison to the sky. So the air near the surface of the land will increase in temperature and decrease in denseness. Since it is lighter to the environing air, perkiness force induces a perpendicular gesture for which warm air go uping and is replaced by ice chest air ( Figure 3 ) . The transportation of heat between solid surface and liquid or gas consists of conductivity and convection. When the motion of the gas or liquid is really large, the heat transportation by conductivity is comparatively really little comparison to convection. Heat is transferred by conductivity through a thin movie on the surface of the fluid. 2.2.1.3. Radiation Matter will breathe energy in the signifier of thermic radiation except in zero temperature. The emanation is due to the alterations in negatron constellations of the component atoms or molecules. Electromagnetic moving ridges will transport the energy of the radiation field. Unlike the conductivity and convection, radiation does non necessitate a medium to reassign energy. It can go through through vacuity ( 7 ) . For illustration, the energy from the Sun travels in the signifier of radiation to heat the Earth during the twenty-four hours ( Figure 4 ) . The radiation include infrared, seeable scope of electromagnetic part and UV. The affair with higher temperature will breathe more energy than the lower. So if 2 organic structures with different temperature topographic point together, their radiation will stop and the organic structure with lower energy will have more energy than the higher temperature organic structure. So, its internal energy will increase while another organic structure decreases. The energy transportations from higher temperature organic structure to take down temperature organic structure due to their temperature different. ( 5 ) 2.3. Heat transmittal into auto Car is like a thermic system. Heat flow from the Sun invariably in and out the auto. There are several manner of heat transmitted into auto there include conductivity of auto organic structure, heat from engine or other devices in auto, hot air from ambient and the solar radiation. The temperature rise in a parked auto is due to the green house consequence. This is because the solar radiation that enters the auto through the glass windows is partly trapped in the auto compartment. ( 11 ) 2.4. Reduce heat in auto The auto gets heat largely due to the solar radiation. So, to cut down the heat into the vehicle, there are some strategic available. 2.4.1. Film or surfacing A movie is applied onto the widescreen and Windowss and its call shade. Tinting movie is normally made out of clear polyester movie with a really thin and even layer of tincting agent such as dyes. The features on how seeable light come into auto alterations after the tinting movie applied to the window. Normal Windowss reflect 5 % of seeable visible radiation ( VLR % ) and absorb 5 % of it ( VLA % ) . So 90 % of visible radiation ( VLT % ) transmit into the auto. ( 12 ) There are many type of the tinted house available and their VLR % , VLA % and VLT % are different. Yet normally VLT % is referred as it state you how much seeable light allow to travel into the auto. Beside, tinted movie can barricade UV and infrared which will heat auto excessively. 2.4.2. Photo-gray Windowss Photo-gray Windowss are used to replace normal Windowss. From inside the auto, the photo-gray Windowss are every bit clear as normal Windowss. Form outside, the colour changes depends on the sum of incident beams. The stronger the UV, the darker the colour. 2.4.3. Force airing Forced convection is done by this method. The hot air in the auto is suck out from the auto and replace with lower temperature of air from the exterior. The force airing can cut down the temperature up to 20 AÂ °C and merely 5 AÂ °C of temperature increased ( 13 ) . The force airing device sometimes is powered by solar energy. 2.4.4. Shadowing devices There are 2 types of shadowing devices there are internal or external shading devices. Shadowing device is the most common method used by the auto proprietor to cut down the heat goes into auto. It can barricade the UV and Sun visible radiation. 2.5. Thermal comfort Thermal comfort of rider is one of the major concerns in the development of the car. A batch of criterions have been implement and some in the bill of exchange phase. The current criterions related to human thermic comfort in general environment are ISO 7730:1994 and ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004. The definition by ASHRAE Standard 55 on thermic comfort is: That status of head which express satisfaction with the thermic environment ( 16 ) Besides that, ISO 7730:1994 is giving the same definition of thermic comfort. Yet, to specify the thermic comfort is really difficult as we need to take history into a scope of environmental and personal factor when make up ones minding what make people experience uncomfortable. These factors are known as Human thermic environmental . ( 17 ) Condition of thermic comfort influence by many factors such as air temperatures, air speed, humidness, nonuniformity of the thermic environment ( perpendicular temperature different, beaming temperature dissymmetry and etc ) and thermic opposition of the vesture ( 18 ) . Thermal comfort is of import as it can impact our overall morale. Bad thermic comfort environment will do people refuse to work or the worst instance is acquire ill edifice symptoms ( 17 ) . In vehicle, it is show that the thermic uncomfortableness merely after come ining the vehicle which parked under sunshine is due to the terrible ambient temperature. ( 19 ) 2.6. Thermocouple thermometer A thermocouple is a temperature detector which is easy to utilize and obtained. It widely used in scientific discipline and industry. It is a junction between two different metals and produces a electromotive force related to a temperature difference. The hotter the temperature, the higher the electromotive force. Two metal generate electromotive force is known as Seebeck consequence. Seebeck consequence tells thermoelectric phenomena by which temperature differences between two dissimilar metals in a circuit converts into an electric current. Thermocouple physique by a broad assortment of metals such as Fe, Ni, chromel, Eureka, Cu and wolfram. It is identified by a capital missive on them. For illustration type K thermocouple, type C thermocouple and type N thermocouple. Figure 9 show a k-type thermocouple stopper into a multimeter to expose room temperature. ( 20 ) 2.7. Previous survey on auto compartment temperature survey There have been few surveies of auto compartment temperature by several research workers. King et Al ( 21 ) discovered that 75 % of the maximal temperature rise occurred within 5 proceedingss of shutting Windowss in an ambient temperature of 36.8 AÂ °C. It will make maximal temperature within 15 proceedingss to 67 AÂ °C and remain at that place until the door and Windowss opened. The consequence on the temperature rise and maximal temperature was minimum even though 20 centimeter of Windowss was opened. This determination is similar to Robert and Roberts ( 22 ) . Jan Null et Al ( 23 ) found that irrespective the outside ambient temperature, the rate of temperature rise inside the vehicle was non important different. During the 1st 30 proceedingss, the mean temperature addition in a rate of 3.2 AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss interval and 80 % of the temperature rise occurred. They found that the get downing ambient temperature will impact the concluding temperature of vehicle. With the coolest ambient temperature, 72 AÂ °F, the internal temperature of vehicle rose to 117AÂ °F. In short, for get downing ambient temperature 72 to 96AÂ °F, the internal temperature rose 40AÂ °F mean. With Windowss opened 1.5 inches, the rate of temperature rise in vehicles did non diminish significantly. ( Close Windowss: 3.4AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss, opened Windowss 3.2AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss. The decision from their studied, the temperature rose in vehicle was important in clear, cheery twenty-four hours even the ambient temperature was comparatively cold, go f orthing the Windowss somewhat opened have no important consequence in decelerating down the warming procedure or maximal internal temperature and bulk of the temperature rose happening within 15-30 proceedingss. There is a spread between clip taken to make maximal internal temperature between Jan Null et Al and Robert and Roberts.. Surpure J.S. found that auto internal temperature was different in different state of affairs. For big auto which parked in direct Sun, the highest temperature recorded was 65 AÂ °C while for little auto is 78 AÂ °C. For auto parked in shadiness, the highest temperature was merely 44 AÂ °C. He found that enormous heat built up in the auto parked under direct Sun visible radiation than the auto parked in shadiness. He found that the little auto heated rapidly than the big auto. In short, he concluded heat load of ill ventilated, parked autos exposed to direct sunshine can be tremendous. ( 24 ) Chapter 3 Methodology 3. Methodology 3.1. Overview A sum-up of the measure by measure research process is as shown in figure. Before planing experiment, several studied on old work are done. The sum-up of the surveies were written in the literature reappraisal. The experiment is decently planned and designed, so that the experiment can be carried out consistently. Next all the experiment stuffs and equipments are prepared. After that, the experiment is conducted on cheery yearss harmonizing to the process that planned. The temperatures in the auto are measured by the Type-K thermocouple wires and recorded by Datataker DT80. Finally, the collected informations are analyzed from the technology point of view. 3.2. Design of experiment The experiment is decently design after reexamining all the related paper. The design of the experiment includes: A. The choice of the shading device B. The clip to carried out the experiment C. The measurement technique D. The equipment to mensurate the temperature E. The location of the shading device 3.3. Preparation of stuffs, equipments and mensurating devices 3.3.1. Preparation of stuffs The stuff was prepared as follow: A. Ice B. Water 3.3.2. Preparation of equipment The equipments were prepared as follow: A. Shading device ( broad screen ) B. Shading device ( rear ) C. Iron wire D. Raffia twine E. Brick F. Proton Saga 1.3L Ag coloring material 3.3.3. Preparation of mensurating devices The devices that used to mensurate and enter the temperature will be Type K thermocouple wire and Datataker DT80 ( Figure 21 ) . Datataker DT 80 is smart informations lumberman that provides an extended array of characteristics that allow it to be used across a broad assortment of application such as record the temperature. It is robust, stand entirely, low power informations logger having USB memory stick support. ( 25 ) The Datataker and its component kit as shown in figure. The instruments kit of Datataker DT80 comprised: A. Data lumberman ( DT80 shown in figure ) B. Plug battalion power supply C. USB communications overseas telegram D. Resource Cadmium E. Power terminal block with battery nexus F. Double ended prison guard driver G. Terminal label clear screen ( non shown ) To utilize this Datataker DT80 to mensurate temperature, thermocouple wires were plugged into it. In this experiment, type-K thermocouple wires were used. Dataker DT80 has a front panel to expose some information. The show provides information about informations lumberman position, channel informations, dismaies and shop operation. In add-on the show will bespeak conditions that require attending and USB memory device position. By snaping the up and down button, clip, battery position and temperature of each channel can be checked. Several stairss were completed before the DT 80 was used to enter the temperature. The stairss included: A. Data lumberman was connected to power supply through the power doodly-squat. B. The battery was charged by linking the terminal block with battery nexus into the power terminus C. USB communications overseas telegram was connected to the lumberman and computing machine D. Resource CD of DT8X series was inserted into CD-ROM. E. Driver and DeLogger 5 package were installed into computing machine. F. DT 80 was programmed by utilizing the Delogger 5 package. G. DT 80 was ready to enter temperature. 3.4. Conduct the experiment A proton saga 1.3L Ag colour was used. The auto was parked at an unfastened infinite which no any obstruction that can barricade the Sun rays penetrate into the auto. The auto was parked under the Sun from 12.00pm-1.30pm confronting the North. The information will be taken every 10s. Type-K thermocouple was used as detector to mensurate the temperature. The thermocouple wires were put as below: A. Outside the auto B. Under the auto C. Car bole D. Car compartment Inside the auto compartment, the thermocouple wires were set up as shown in figure with 50cm from the roof. The black point is the location of the detector. The auto has 6 Windowss that is front widescreen ( a ) , back widescreen ( B ) , front left widows ( degree Celsius ) , back left Windowss ( vitamin D ) , front right window ( vitamin E ) and back right widows ( degree Fahrenheit ) .This shown in Figure 14. The shading devices are placed inside or outside the Windowss with different combination as shown in table 1. Temperatures for each combination were recorded. Table 1: Location of shadowing devices No of experiment Location of shadowing devices a B degree Celsiuss vitamin D vitamin E degree Fahrenheit 1 2 / I 3 / I 4 / O 5 / O 6 / I / I 7 / O / O 8 / I / O 9 / O / I * / I with shadowing device inside the auto / O with shadowing device outside the auto without shadowing devices 3.5. Analysis of the informations The informations obtained were analyzed. Result of different location of shadowing devices for a parked auto were compared. All the informations were tabulated or presented in graphical signifier. Mentions 1. Calculation of thermic comfort inside a rider auto compartment. A.Merzrhab, M. Bouzidi. 2005. 2. BBC Weather. BBC. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 06, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml? tt=TT002590. 3. Hyperthermia Deaths of Children in Vehicles. Null, Jan. 2009. 4. kid suffocates in pa s locked auto. [ Online ] April 4th, 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //thestar.com.my/news/story.asp? file=/2007/4/4/nation/17345394 A ; sec=nation. 5. McConkey, Eastop A ; . Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering engineers. s.l. : Person Education Limited, 2006. 6. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 10, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/temperature. 7. Incropera, Dewirr, Bergman, Lavine. Introduction to Heat Transfer. fifth. s.l. : John Wiley A ; Sons. 8. Woolfolk, Alan. McLean Engineering. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] http: //electronics-cooling.com/articles/1995/oct/oct95_03.php. 9. Heating and Non-Radiative Energy Transfers. UC Santa Barbara Department of Geography. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geog.ucsb.edu/~joel/g110_w08/lecture_notes/heating/heating.html. 10. Incoming Sunlight. Earth observatory. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page2.php. 11. Temperature fluctuation in a Parked Car. Almanjahie, Ibrahim. 2007. 12. How Does Window Film Work? tintcenter. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tintcenter.com/articles/bt_works.html. 13. Hot air extrator for a parked. Siong, Tan Hock. 2007. 14. Trillium Worldwide TWI-7001 AutoVent Solar-Powered Ventilator. Amazon.com. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] http: //www.amazon.com/Trillium-Worldwide-TWI-7001-Solar-Powered-Ventilator/dp/B0007LXTN2/ref=pd_sim_auto_6. 15. Nylon Magic Sunshade. Amazon. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] http: //www.amazon.com/Nylon-Magic-Sunshade-Styles-Vary/dp/B000AMBOLW/ref=pd_sim_auto_1. 16. ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. s.l. : Capital of georgia: American Society of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 17. What is thermic comfort? HSE. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 10, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm. 18. Steve Chen, Stanley J. Demster. Variable air volume systems for environmental quality. s.l. : McGraw-Hill Professional, 1996. 19. Evaluation of summertime thermic comfort in cars. Kazuaki Yamashita, Tomonori Kuroda, Yutaka Tochihara, Toshita Shibukawa, Youichiro Kondo, Hiroki Nagayama. s.l. : Elsevier Ltd, 2005. 20. Thermocouple. Wikipedia. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple. 21. Heat emphasis in motor vehicles: a job in babyhood. King K, Negus K, Vance JC. 579-582, s.l. : Pediatricss, 1981. 22. The Automobile and Heat Stress. Kenneth B. Roberts, Ellen C. Roberts. 1, s.l. : Pediatrics, 1976, Vol. 58. 23. Heat emphasis from enclosed vehicles: moderate ambient temperature cause important temperature rise in enclosed vehicle. Jan Null, Chatherin McLaren, James Quinn. s.l. : Pediatricss, 2005. 24. Heat-related unwellness and the car. Surpure, J. 5, s.l. : Annalss of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 11. Pages 263-265. 25. Datataker DT 80. Datataker. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 15, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.datataker.com/products/dt80.html. 26. DT8X user manual. 27. Nylon Magic Sunshade. Amazon. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2010. ] http: //www.amazon.com/Nylon-Magic-Sunshade-Styles-Vary/dp/B000AMBOLW/ref=pd_sim_auto_1.

Start a fine dining restaurant in Chicago Research Paper

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Accident Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 118

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Proposition 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposition 13 - Essay Example Proposition 13 was the result of a taxpayer revolt against escalating and uncertain tax rates. Viewed as one of the first signs of the coming Reagan Revolution, the radical conservative approach rippled across the country as key provisions of the act were enacted in several other states (Menrow). The most immediate and severe impact of Prop 13 was felt by the school districts that lost over half their revenue creating a crisis in many of California's public schools. In response, California passed a number of bills that eased the pressure on school systems. Overall, tax revenues going to schools decreased between 9% and 15%, with the wealthier districts losing the higher amount ("The Special Challenge"). Prop 13 resulted in the school systems in California moving from local community control to control by the state. It further gave property owners the ability to calculate and plan for their tax rate, enabling low income and fixed income households to maintain possession of their prope rty and avoiding losing their homes due to unaffordable taxes. The focus of Prop 13 was to give the taxpayer a known and predictable property tax rate. It set a maximum tax rate at 1% and limited valuation increases to 2% per year. Upon selling a property, it would then be revalued at the market value. The 1% limit imposed by Prop 13 was about 1/3 of the rate prior to its passage. Prop 13 further limited local taxation by requiring a 2/3 majority in the legislature and 2/3 public vote to increases local taxes. These actions put the responsibility for funding the public school system on the state and in doing so, the state took control of the schools and away from local communities. Recent amendments have lowered the threshold for voter approval to 55%, which has allowed local governments to raise additional funding when necessary. Impact of Proposition 13 The impact of the loss of revenue was most clearly felt by local school districts. Schools, faced with fewer dollars, were forced to delay improvements and in some cases resulted in the cutting of programs. However, the long-term result has not led to the bankruptcy of California's schools. Bolstered by "bailout bills" that benefited education, the schools continued to operate under state control at or near the previous level of funding. In 2001-2002 California teachers were ranked at the top of the pay scale compared to other states (Bell). Faced with the loss of revenue, many cities increased fees on everything from traffic violations, to home inspections, and service taxes on hotels and restaurants (Wood). Along with innovative taxation, changes in Prop 13 over the years have made it easier for local communities to raise money for schools by reducing the 2/3 voter approval to 55%. Critics have pointed to the lower test scores in California schools since the inception of Prop 13 an d linked them to the reduced funding. Per pupil spending has been reduced and is currently about $650 below the national per pupil average. The falling test scores are due to several reasons and lower funding may be just one facet of the problem. Immigration, state educational policies, and an activist teachers union may have more impact on test scores than reduced funding. Relations between the state and local governments have been strained as local government officials, in need of funding, have become

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 4 Essay - 1

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 4 - Essay Example Such concerns and reservations on the part of the employees must be resolved at the earliest as this is a grave issue which has cropped up at Perrier. One should believe that the key elements behind this resistance to change include the unionization of the employees. It does not sit well with Perrier and needs to be done away with at the earliest. It creates hurdle of sorts for Perrier which is simply an unacceptable proposition. Whether or not Nestle aims to join hands with Perrier, it should not be a concern of the employees who are working under the realms of the union (Trott, 2008). They are after all the loyal employees of Perrier and any lingering thoughts to be more dedicated towards the union itself are a step in the dark for them. Hence all-out consideration needs to be paid towards the unionized philosophy which is creating hurdles for Perrier. In fact, Perrier is self-reliant in its understanding as to how it must go ahead and form significant touch points with Nestle, which is essentially the world’s largest food company. Another key element why the employees are resisting changing is due to the fact that they w ould have to face more stringent policies that Nestle shall bring with it. It would mean that the employees would find it hard to live up to the expectations of Nestle, which is indeed a much sought after name (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Perrier, on the other hand would not impose similar issues for the employees and the joyride would sustain even in the future as it is being carried out at the present. A change management strategy for Perrier would be devised keeping in mind the adherence of employees towards the unions and how they are actually resisting to the philosophy of change in essence. This is a grave aspect that needs much consideration on the part of the employees, without which there would be

Interpersonal Relationships Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal Relationships Essay Do you know what I mean when I say â€Å"What are some things that affect your interpersonal relationships? † Interpersonal relationships are any type of relationship that you have with someone else. I am going to share some tips that help with interpersonal relationship conflicts, and the things that influenced these relationships. As you get older you start to develop relations through personality, looks, intellectual stimulation, things in common or differences. This creates friendships, colleagues, and unimportant people. All types of things determine your interpersonal relationships. The most common form of daily communication is interpersonal. That is face to face, at the same time and in the same place (Lievrouw 2005). Emotional intelligence plays a strong role in relationships. As your relationship grows, you start to share a lot of emotions with others. Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. Without the ability to show emotions, or understand them, they wouldn’t have any effect on a persons’ perception. Perception is your thought process about someone after taking, and observing the other person. Interpersonal conflict is neither bad nor good, but depending on how the disagreement is resolved, the conflict could strengthen or weaken the relationship. After the conflict, try to learn Interpersonal Relationships something from it. Conflicts will arise, and people are always going to communicate, and with communication in your interpersonal relationships. There are a few tips that could help save some conflicts. You could just deal with it, just leave the situation alone. Most important when you confront any conflict situation, you have to think it through. Otherwise you might make the wrong decision. You could confront the conflict face to face, and talk it out. Sometimes using a mediator would help. Having someone between the conflict, seems to keep the tension down. Something that proves right over and over to me is to avoid trouble makers. If you can ovoid these kinds of people then you are sure to pass a conflict. You should choose your battles. Be wise, and think it through, and apologize when appropriate. You have to know that you are not always going to be right. Maybe there is something you could do like work on your communication skills, and work to minimize conflicts. When you work to minimize a conflict you avoid conflicts as much as possible. And try not to be verbally aggressive or attacking the other person. Some of my most influential interpersonal relationships started at a young age. I was around mostly family and a couple of kids that were the kids of my parents friends. The reason they are the most influential is because these relationships were developed from unconditional love. When I was younger there was no one with bad intentions for me. I created my lifelong best friend at a young age. Her and I were always together, and was a year older than I, and she lived next door. So we connected through the fact that she lived right next door. We also shared a lot of common hobbies. Interpersonal Relationships The amount of self-disclosure depends on the level the relationship. Self-disclosure is information about yourself that you share with others, who you have already established a relationship with. So the more trust and comfort you have in any relationship the more you would share. It is communication of more sensitive, private, and confidential information. The level of self-disclosure in our relationship was high and very easy to do. I trusted her with everything and told her everything. When it comes to other people I have a hard time telling them anything. I have a hard time trusting other people. When you are younger the relations that you start are pure, which makes it easier to start. Still to this day every time that I see her, my perception of her is still the same as it was when we were children. We have shared a lot of hard and good times together. So with the emotional connection that we have it makes us both turn to each other when we are in need. We shared a lot in common being close in age, that we shared mutual friends. Sometimes this would cause a conflict. We always seemed to get though the situation. I think that we really connected through personality. Through the years our relationship is still the same. I am thankful to have a friend that I can always count on. I have a lot of interpersonal relationships that are a big part of my life. My family and my fiance are strong relationships, created from love, trust, verbal and non-verbal expressions. The hardest to maintain is the one with my fiance. There are so many obstacles that can ruin a relationship like this. Interpersonal relationships are also built around need. As long as you fulfill the need of the other person you will have a strong relationship.

Welfare State Development in the UK

Welfare State Development in the UK Modern welfare state development is generally considered to lead to social security or benefits payments, social housing provision, health provision, social work and educational services. Together these services are known as the big five but these services tend to develop over time and have differed in quantity, availability and quality. Provision and development can change due to social, economic and political factors (Spicker, 1995, p. 3). State provision of welfare has a long history, in Britain for instance dating back to the Elizabethan Poor Laws and earlier. Welfare states started to develop when surveys of poverty by people such as Charles Booth showed the inadequacy of welfare provisions that could not deal with poverty particularly with increasing urbanisation and industrialisation (Thane, 1996, p. 7). The worldwide depression from 1929 would lead countries to consider further welfare developments. High unemployment (12% of the working population in Britain at its worst) showed that better welfare provision was needed (Robbins, 1994, p. 208). From such modest roots the public sector in Britain for example represents around 40 % of the economy (Simpson, 2005, p. 4). There are various key theories that seek to explain the processes involved in welfare state development that will be explained below. The theories have evolved or being devised to explain the differences and similarities in welfare state development in different countries at the same time or in a single country over a period of time. Theories agree that welfare states were developed to serve those that needed help the most or sometimes as universal services to all (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 2). After the main theories have been discussed the one or ones that are most applicable for evaluating contemporary changes will be outlined. There are different ways of looking at the development of the welfare state and deciding how far it should extend, demands for changes can result from improved technology, shifting social or economic factors and demographic trends such as lower birth rates and people living longer. As governments have discovered welfare states mean people are living longer and healthier lives which means that there are more pensioners but less working people to sustain the pensions and extra health and care services they need (Department for Work and Pensions, 2005 p. 4). Four key theories of welfare state development are based around liberalism, Marxism, Neo-liberalism and post structuralism and have all at some point been reflected in or used in the development of welfare states. Developments in welfare states can also be reactive or proactive depending on the ideological aims and visions of governments or their ability to make social policy (Spicker, 1995, p. 35). Liberalism tended to stress the role of the individual in providing for their own needs; the state should only intervene to help those that were incapable of finding work. The capitalist market would eventually provide better lives for everyone; there was only a minimum role for state intervention (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 21). In Britain the liberals originally achieved their aims for welfare state development with the 1834 Poor Law Act that finally replaced the long lasting but no longer effective act of 1601. Following the new act the poor were put in workhouses where they had to work in return for being housed and fed (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 21). Liberalism stressed in its original form that all the state needs to do is give individuals the freedom to make their own choices, only helping the really destitute. For them government only needs to uphold laws and property rights. The business of government of business was to allow businesses to operate freely (R. Bellamy Liberal ism from Eatwell and Wright, 2003, pp. 27-28). However some liberals recognised the shortcomings of laissez-faire economics particularly during recessions and slumps. They also noted the failings of the Poor Law to tackle poverty even during periods of improving prosperity. There emerged new and radical liberalism that called for increased welfare provision and the emergence of limited welfare states. The British Liberal governments of 1906-1914 epitomized that approach by introducing state old age pensions and labour exchanges for the unemployed (Comfort, 1993, p. 347). In contrast Germany had already had a well-developed welfare state provision by 1900. Curiously Bismarck who wanted a healthy well-educated population drew up this system (M Donald Hancock et al, 1998, p.295). Two new liberals in the form of William Beveridge and John Maynard Keynes where the respective architects of the Atlee governments comprehensive welfare state and postwar interventionist economic policies or Keynesian (Bellamy from Eatwell and Wright, 2003, p. 33). Beveridge had plenty of experience in welfare policy having being in charge of the labour exchanges and lecturing on economics at Oxford University and the London School of Economics. Keynes had been an economics adviser to the British government and inspired the New Deal programme in the USA (Crystal, 1998, pp. 105 523). Marxism was developed by Karl Marx in conjunction with Fredrich Engels and led to a second keynote theory of developing the welfare state. Of course Marx and Engels were not concerned with such issues as they wished to promote communism and work towards the working classes taking over economic and political power from the capitalist classes. A Marxist state would develop a welfare state to promote progress, communism and above all protect the workers and eliminate poverty. Marx believed that capitalism would be replaced by communism thus replacing the inequalities and giving everybody enough to meet their needs (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 44). The Marxist movement was not unified about how it would develop the welfare state or indeed gain power. Some Marxists such as the German Social Democrats preferred to use parliamentary democracy to achieve power and develop a welfare state. The seminal Erfurt Programme of 1891 called for welfare provisions such as eight- hour working days, free healthcare, free education, minimum wages and equality for women. More radical Marxists such as Lenin and Trotsky advocated armed revolutions and were able to seize power himself. The Soviet Union itself developed a welfare state with free medical and education services and pensions with unemployment officially non-existent (J.F Femia Marxism and Communism from Eatwell and Wright, 2003, pp. 110-12). In Imperial Germany, Bismarck set up the welfare state to undermine the socialists thus taming these wild beast of the political forest (Hobsbawm, 1987, p. 102). The Marxist-Leninist regimes of the Soviet Union and its Central and Eastern European satellites may have developed welfare states but they failed to produce the economic prosperity of the West and the many failures of their planned economies contributed to the fall of these regimes. On the other hand their population were all more economically equal, they were poor but had free welfare provision and no political rights. The third main keynote theory for welfare state development is Neo-Liberalism most closely associated with the governments of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. In Britain and other parts of Western Europe the combination of Keynesian economics and all embracing welfare provision that had helped to achieve postwar prosperity faltered in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Neo-Liberals believed that the combination of Keynesian economics and the welfare state were contributing to economic and political stagnation and were no longer viable. Margaret Thatchers government elected in 1979 proceeded to formerly ditch Keynesian economics and intended to cut back on the welfare state (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 78-79). Following policies that became known as Thatcherism nationalised industries were privatised, subsidies to ailing private companies were stopped, and council houses were sold off. These policies increased unemployment but eventually lowered inflation. Margaret Thatcher also limited trade union power and defeated the miners during the bitter strike of 1984-1985. She brushed aside opposition to her policies as people accept there is no alternative (Comfort, 1993, p. 608). The planned reduction in expenditure on the welfare state never materialised as higher unemployment pushed up benefit payments and more civil servants were needed to process those claims. The Conservatives found that the National Health Service was politically sacred although they were able to introduce an internal market to aid efficiency. Neo-liberalism is a return to the ideas of classic liberalism and views the state in the same negative light. However it has not being able to dismantle the welfare state just to reform it (OBrien and Penna (1998) p. 103). In the USA Reagans policies produced similar levels of unemployment and poverty whilst increasing military spending substantially. Jessie Jackson accused Reagan of spending millions to beat our plowshares into swords, while leaving the di sadvantaged begging for bread Carroll and Noble, 1988, p. 437). Reagan found it easier to repudiate welfare and spurn the legacy of the New Deal than Thatcher found it to reverse the concept of provision from the cradle to the grave (Hobsbawm, 1994, p. 249). Post-structuralism emerged at a similar time to Neo-liberalism from the 1960s. Unlike Neo-liberalism it does not see liberalism in any guise or Marxism as adequate methods of understanding social and economic policy or as foundations for welfare state development. Instead of concentrating on the state and individuals Poststructuralism aims to understand the relationships between knowledge of social life and the diffusion of power through society (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 105). Marxism started to suffer a crisis from the 1970s with its economic weaknesses greatly undermining its social and political foundations and bringing about the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe (Agh, 1998, p. 6). Actual welfare state development is more often a mixture of more than one of these approaches. Development is often based on pragmatic concerns as much as ideological ones. Political concerns particularly in liberal democracies can dictate welfare state development. Welfare measures that are electorally popular will often be implemented ahead of reforms that would make the system more effective yet could be electorally damaging. Recent demographic changes and future trends certainly make welfare state development a vital issue for the present and the future. While those aged over 65 currently represent 16% of the UKs population by 2041 that figure is estimated to rise to 25%. The UKs government Actuarys Department also estimates that the working age section of the population will decrease from 65% to 58% which is all those aged 16 to 64 (DWP, 2005, p.16). . Aging populations are a serious problem to how welfare states as already developed can be sustained. By 1994 over 65s made up 15 % of the German population, 14.5% of the French population and 17.7% of the Swedish population (M Donald Hancock et al, 1998 p. 90). Generally those of the left of the political divide are more likely to prefer a greater development of the welfare state than those on the right who either maintain the status quo or cut it back if they can (Spicker, 1995, p. 77). Based on the facts of aging populations with fewer people of working age paying taxes to fund welfare and benefits expenditure the latest trends in welfare state development tend to stress targeting expenditure to the most needy, providing value for money and preventing fraud. In Britain New Labour has attempted to reform housing benefit and introduced performance standards to improve administration by local authorities. The government has had some success in countering fraud (DWP, 2003, pp. 32-39). New Labour introduced the New Deal to help young people, disabled people and lone parents back into work. Since 1997, two million more people of working age have gained employment reducing benefits expenditure by 5 billion a year, with the purpose of tackling the scourge of unemployment, inactivity and poverty (DWP, 2005, p. 4). For Western Europe the keynote theory that best described welfare state development up to the 1960s would have been variations of liberalism with elements of socialism, for instance British new liberalism and the West German social market economy. From the 1970s neo-liberalism and Poststructuralism had a greater influence on the development of welfare states reflected most closely in the neo-liberal tenets of Thatcherism in Britain. Neo-liberalism did reduce the size of public sectors in the countries that tried it but its deflationary effects led to higher unemployment and higher benefits expenditure. Neo-liberalism would be the best theory to describe the welfare state developments in Central and Eastern Europe after the end of communism. Over all neo- liberalism is now probably the best keynote theory with the proviso that previous liberal and socialist as opposed to Marxist legacies are still apparent and politically untouchable. The reforms needed to amend, extend and continue w elfare state development would best be considered under a Post-structuralist framework. Welfare states especially in the West face the growing challenge of providing for the extra needs of aging populations whilst the working age populations needed to pay for them dwindles. Possible solutions could include raising retirement ages, persuading more people to provide for their own health care and pensions, encouraging people to have more children or encourage immigration from developing nations. Bibliography Agh, A. (1998), The Politics of Central and Eastern Europe Sage, London Carroll, P.N. and Noble, D.W. (1988) The Free and the Unfree- A new history of the United States 2nd edition, Penguin, New York Comfort, N. Dictionary (1993) Brewers Politics a Phase and Fable Cassell, London Crystal, D. (1998) The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press Department for Work and Pensions (2003) Departmental Report 2003 The Stationery Office, London Department for Work and Pensions (2005) Five Year Strategy -Opportunity and Security throughout life The Stationery Office, London Donald Hancock, M; Conradt, D.P; Guy Peters, B; Safran, W. and Zariski, R. (1998) Politics in Western Europe 2nd edition, Macmillan, London Eatwell, R and Wright, A. (2003) Contemporary Political Ideologies 2nd edition, Continuum, London Hobsbawm, E. (1987) The Age of Capital 1875-1914, Weidenfeld Nicholson, London Hobsbawm, E. (1994) The Age of Extremes The short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Michael Joseph, London OBrien, M. and Penna, S (1998) Theorising Welfare Enlightenment and Modern Society Sage Publications, London Robbins, K. (1994) The Eclipse of a Great Power Modern Britain 1870 1992, 2nd edition, Longman, London Simpson, J. (January 2005) Meet Barry- hes here to help Public service director magazine Spicker, P. (1995) Social Policy Themes and Approaches, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf, London Thane, P. (1996) Foundations of the Welfare State 2nd edition Longman, London

The Character of Caliban in The Tempest Essay examples -- Tempest ess

The Character of   Caliban in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Caliban is the only authentic native of what is often called 'Prospero's Island'. However, he is not an indigenous islander, his mother Sycorax was from Argier, and his father Setebos seems to have been a Patagonian deity. Sycorax was exiled from Argier for witch-craft, much like Prospero himself, and Caliban was born on the island. Caliban's own understanding of his position is made eloquently plain when we first meet him:    I must eat my dinner. This island's mine, by Sycorax my mother, Which thou tak'st from me. When thou cam'st first, Thou strok'st me, and made much of me, would'st give me Water with berries in't, and teach me how To name the bigger light, and how the less, That burn by day and night. And then I loved thee, And showed thee all the qualities o'th'isle, The fresh springs, brine-pits, barren place and fertile. Cursed be I that did so! All the charms Of Sycorax - toads, beetles, bats light on you! For I am all the subjects that you have, Which first was mine own king; and here you sty me In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me The rest o'th'island. (1.2.330-344)    We can clearly sense Caliban's resentment of what he sees as a colonial occupation of his island. The story of his upbringing is not so simple, however. It seems that when Prospero and his infant daughter arrived on the island twelve years before, Caliban was an orphan, his mother having died. This is not entirely clear: in conversation with Ariel (formerly Sycorax's spirit) Prospero recalls the 'blue eyed hag', 'The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy, Was grown into a hoop' (1.2.258-259), but it is not clear wheth... ...pression to both sides of the question, and leaving much to the interpretation.    Works Cited and Consulted: Davidson, Frank. "The Tempest: An Interpretation." In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225. Kermode, Frank. Introduction. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1958. xlii. Palmer, D. J. (Editor) The Tempest - A Selection of Critical Essays London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans, et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Solomon, Andrew. "A Reading of the Tempest." In Shakespeare's Late Plays. Ed. Richard C. Tobias and Paul G. Zolbrod. Athens: Ohio UP, 1974. 232. John Wilders' lecture on The Tempest given at Oxford University - Worcester College - August 4th, 1999.      

Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation :: Chemicals Anatomy Papers

Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation Creatine is a metabolite that is produced naturally by the human body. It is found mainly in the red muscle tissue, but it is also present in the heart and brain. Normally, creatine is acquired through regular dietary intake of products such as meat and fish, which are high in protein. However, when dietary intake is low creatine can be produced from natural amino acids such as glycine, arginine, and methionine in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Creatine monohydrate is the synthetic form of creatine (http://creatine-info.com/ - Information on Creatine Monohydrate). How does creatine work? What is its purpose? Creatine functions to increase the availability of cellular ATP, adenosine triphosphate. Muscular contractions take place off the presence of ATP and the how quickly it can be regenerated; therefore, an increase in creatine levels is thought to increase the force of muscle contractions (http://www.creatinefacts.com/creatine_monohydrate1.htm). Creatine works by acting on mechanisms of ATP by donating a phosphate ion to increase the availability of ATP. Thus, creatine claims to enhance physical performance by increasing energy and therefore, delaying or minimizing fatigue and adding to the amount of time spent training or working out (http://angelfire.com/co/Creatine/index.html and http://creatine-info.com/ - Information on Creatine Monohydrate). How much creatine should be taken? Currently there are no set dosage levels for creatine monohydrate because each person has a maximum level of creatine that cannot be exceeded; therefore, the key to creatine is to benefit from the lowest dosage possible. The most popular dosage regiment has two phases: the loading phase consists of loading the body with creatine to get the levels up. In this phase, 1 heaping teaspoon dose of approximately 5grams is recommended four times daily for one to five days. This is followed by the maintenance phase, which sustains the desired high levels of creatine in the body. The dosage is lowered to 1 teaspoon one to three times a day. The intake of creatine causes the muscle cells to volumize. Basically becoming very hydrated. However, other methods suggest that the loading phase is unnecessary (http://nutrasense.com/nutrasense/creatmon.htm - crdosage). It is also suggested that the most efficient way to maximize low dosages of creatine is to follow the dosage regiment in a cyclical fash ion. If creatine levels are allowed to subside and then one takes the supplement, greater results will be seen. In addition, more substantial improvements are likely to be seen in those with a restricted meat diet or those who are vegetarians (http://bodytrends.